Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is encoded by the IL7 gene in mouse and secreted by stromal cells in the red marrow and thymus. The protein signals through the IL-7 receptor, which is a heterodimer consisting of IL-7 receptor alpha and IL-2 receptor gamma chain. IL-7 stimulates the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells and it can stimulate proliferation of B cells, T cells and NK cells. Murine IL-7 has approximately 65 % and 88 % amino acid sequence identity with human and rat IL-7 and both proteins exhibit cross-species activity. IL-7 as an immunotherapy agent has been examined in many human clinical trials for various malignancies and during HIV infection.