BirA, the biotin-protein ligase (BPL) of Escherichia coli, is also known as biotin operon repressor, biotin-[acetyl-CoA-carboxylase] ligase, and biotin-[acetyl-CoAcarboxylase] synthetase. BirA, a member of the group II biotin-protein ligase family, contains an N-terminal helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain, a catalytic core that catalyzes biotinyl 5' adenylate (bio-5'-AMP) synthesis, and a C-terminal domain that plays a role in DNA binding, dimerization, and catalytic function. BirA functions both as a DNA-binding protein that represses the biotin biosynthesis operon as well as an enzyme that synthesizes its own corepressor, bio-5'-AMP, an intermediate in biotinylation reactions. BirA biotinylates via the lysine side chain of biotin-accepting proteins/peptides, including natural substrate, carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP),and Avi Tag fusion proteins. Once biotinylated, (strept)avidin-biotin interactions can be utilized in a wide variety of applications of biochemistry and cell biology, including protein capture, immobilization, multimerizing, and bridging molecules.