Brief: Chromatin modification, also called Chromatin remodeling, is the rearrangement of chromatin from a condensed state to a transcriptionally accessible state, allowing transcription factors or other DNA binding proteins to access DNA and control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out by 1) covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes, e.g., histone acetyltransferases (HATs), deacetylases, methyltransferases, and kinases, and 2) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes which either move, eject or restructure nucleosomes. Chromatin remodeling is highly implicated in epigenetics.Epigenetic modifications to histone proteins such as methylation/demethylation and acetylation/deacetylation can alter the structure of chromatin resulting in transcriptional activation or repression. Aberrations in chromatin remodeling proteins are found to be associated with human diseases, including cancer. Targeting chromatin remodeling pathways is currently evolving as a major therapeutic strategy in the treatment of several cancers. Chromatin Modification Compound Library from SAB is a unique collection of 192 compounds targeting chromatin remodeling pathways that can be used for high throughput and high content screening

Brief: Aging is a natural process of becoming older. The causes of aging are assigned to programmed and damage or error theories. The programmed theories imply that aging relies on specific gene regulation, and the damage or error theories emphasize the internal and environmental damages accumulated to living organisms. The damage theories proposed the nine hallmarks that were generally considered to contribute to the aging process: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. There is great interest in finding drugs capable of extending human lifespan and healthspan.Compounds are sought that are capable of modulating multiple aging pathways, thereby preventing a broad-spectrum of age-related diseases. The SABsAnti-Aging Compound Library, a unique collection of 833 anti-aging compounds, is an effective tool for anti-aging research, and anti-aging drug screening

Brief: Cell cycle, the ordered sequence of events that occur in acellin preparation forcell division, is also divided into two periods:interphase and themitotic(M) phase. Interphase itself is split into different phases: G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase. Cell Cycle related compounds rely on differing mechanisms of action to regulate the normal progression of the cell cycle. Some of these compounds interfere with CDK/cyclin complexes leaving cells stuck at the G2/M phase border, while others affect CaMKII phosphorylation, inducing arrest at the G1phase. Other mechanisms of action include interference with RNA function and inhibition of protein synthesis. Many of these compounds ultimately induce apoptosis as a result of their interruption of the cell cycle.This library can be used for anti-cancer drug screening.

Brief: Stem cellscandifferentiateinto other types of cells and candivideto produce more of the same type of stem cells. For example, embryonic stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells��ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Somatic stem cells are thought to be limited to differentiating into different celltypes of their tissue of origin. To generate enough specialized cells or tissues that can be used for specific purposes such astissue regeneration, cell-based therapies, drug screening, or disease models, scientists (must control the cell fate of pluripotent stem cells) are currently working on methods to effectivelydifferentiate stem cellsinto functional specializedcells. Natural and synthetic small molecules have been shown to be useful chemical tools for controlling and manipulating the fates of cells. For example, Glycogen synthase kinase 3�� (GSK-3��) inhibitor could induce differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs) may have potential to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into hepatocytes following the treatment of inhibitor of histone deacetylase and some well-defined cytokines. Stem Cell Differential Compound Library from SAB, a unique collection of 340 stem cell differentiation signaling targeted compounds, can be used for stem cell research and related drug screening (high throughput and high content screening).

Brief: Bone tissue is continuously remodeled through the concerted actions of bone cells, which include bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. The equilibrium between bone formation and resorption is necessary and depends on the action of several local and systemic factors including hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and biomechanical stimulation.An imbalance between bone resorption and formation can result in bone diseases including osteoporosis.Osteoblasts are the main functional cells of bone formation and are responsible for the synthesis, secretion and mineralization of bone matrix. Osteoblasts undergo four stages of osteoblast proliferation, extracellular matrix maturation, extracellular matrix mineralization, and osteoblast apoptosis during bone formation. Many factors are involved in these stages to ultimately regulate bone formation. Multiple signaling pathways were found to be involved in osteogenic proliferation and differentiation. Among them, BMP-SMAD, Wnt/��-Catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, MAPK, and FGF signaling pathways play the most critical roles in regulating osteogenic differentiation. Osteogenesis Compound Library from SAB collects 80 reported osteogenesis related bioactive compounds that can be used for research in bone formation and drug screening.

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Brief: It is well known that neurological diseases that affect the brain or other components of the central nervous system are among the most devastating and complex conditions plaguing mankind today. For thousands of years, damage to the adult central nervous system (CNS) in humans has been regarded as an ��ailment which cannot be treated��. In the adult mammalian CNS, most injured axons do not regenerate, reflecting a major hurdle for functional recovery after trauma. Numerous efforts over more than a century have been devoted to uncover the underlying mechanisms of regeneration failure. The discovery of neural and glial precursor cells in the adult brain and their ability to grow after injury trumped this assumption. However, in most cases, only small numbers of injured CNS axons can regenerate, consistent with the idea that lack of regeneration in the adult CNS is an intrinsic property of the injured neurons. Therefore, a major challenge has been to define the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine neuronal intrinsic regenerative ability, with the goal to construct a foundation for designing therapeutic neural repair strategies. Many signaling pathways (including Ras homolog gene/Rho-associated coiled coil-forming protein kinase (Rho-ROCK), Notch, MAPK, Wnt/��-catenin, mTOR, and ephephrin) participate in and affect repair or regeneration of neurons and axons in the central nervous system. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) and Rho-ROCK signaling pathways are key signal transduction pathways for regulating neural and axonal regeneration. SAB collects 149 compounds related to neuroregeneration as Neuroregeneration Compound Library, which can be used for screening of drugs that promote axonal growth and regeneration

Brief: Chemokines are a family of small proteins inducing directed cell migration via specific chemokine receptors, which play important roles in a variety of biological and pathological processes, such as immune surveillance, development, wound healing, bacterial infection, inflammatory reaction, tumor progression and metastasis, etc. Therapeutic strategies based on modulation of chemokine receptor pathways were reported to be promising clinical strategies in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory skin diseases and atopic dermatitis, as well as viral infections, including HIV. Approximately 20 chemokine receptors and 50 chemokines have been identified in humans. Chemokines and their receptors are divided into four families based on the pattern of cysteine residues: CXC, CC, CX3C and XC, where C represents the cysteine and X represents non-cysteine amino acids. Chemokine receptors are seven transmembrane spanning proteins coupled to G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs). These receptors are named based on the chemokine ligands to which they bind. For example, CXC receptors (CXCR1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) bind CXC chemokines, CC receptors (CCR1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) bind CC chemokines; CX3C receptor binds CX3C chemokine and lastly, the XC receptor binds the C chemokine. Advances in basic chemokine research have indicated that chemokines and their receptors are the highly promising drug targets for inflammatory and immunological diseases. Antagonizing the chemokine receptor interaction is considered to be beneficial in inflammatory disorders. Currently various chemokine receptor blockers range from monoclonal antibodies, modified chemokines, and low molecular weight receptor antagonists. SAB collects 27 compounds targeting chemokines or chemokine receptors as Chemokine Inhibitors Library, which can be used for research in immune-mediated diseases, and drug screening.

Brief: Coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. Substances that take part in the coagulation cascade are called clotting factors. The blood clotting process is complex and mainly involves three steps: producing prothrombin activator, prothrombin being converted to thrombin, and fibrinogen being converted to fibrin. Anticlotting mechanisms are important in restricting clot formation to the site of injury. The two major systems are the anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. The balance of coagulation and anticlotting mechanism keeps the hemostatic system functioning efficiently. It is currently believed that the anticoagulant mechanism mainly has the barrier function of vascular endothelium, fibrin adsorption, phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophage system and physiological anticoagulant substances. The SABs Cocoagulation and Anticoagulation Compound Library, a unique collection of 153 procoagulation and anticoagulation related compounds, can be used for research in coagulation and anticoagulation mechanisms, and related drug development

Brief: Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's plasma membrane. According to the trigger that opens the channel for such ions, they can be classified into Voltage-gated sodium channels and ligand-gated sodium channels. Sodium channels are highly selective for the transport of sodium ions across cell membranes. In excitable cells such as neurons, myocytes, and certain types of glia, sodium channels are responsible for the rising phase of action potentials.Many of the most common neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, migraine, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuropathic pain, involve abnormalities of neuronal excitability. There is a growing body of data that implicates abnormal expression and function of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in these disorders. Pharmacological inhibitors of VGSCs have been used for decades to treat epileptic seizures, the most common disease of neuronal excitability, and arrhythmia, and it is becoming increasingly evident that these antiepileptic VGSC blockers might also be efficacious against a broad range of neurological disorders. Sodium channels serve as specific target for a large variety of chemically distinct neurotoxins produced by many different animals and plants. The development of drugs with enhanced selectivity for specific VGSC isoforms might be an effective and novel approach for the treatment of several neurological diseases. SABs Sodium Channel Blockers Library collects 62 reported sodium channel blockers and agonists, and is an ideal tool for screening more selective and efficient drugs targeting potassium channels